词源

The Greek transliteration Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) *jesu-os → [jeˈsus] can stand for both Classical Biblical Hebrew Yehoshua[jəhoˈʃuaʕ] (top two) and Late Biblical Hebrew Yeshua[jeˈʃuaʕ] (bottom). This later form developed within Hebrew (not Aramaic). All three spelling variants occur in the Hebrew Bible, including when referring to the same person. During the Second Temple Period, Jews of Galilee tended to preserve the traditional spelling, keeping the letter for the [o] in the first syllable, even adding an additional letter for the [u] in the second syllable. However, Jews of Jerusalem tended to spell the name as they pronounced it, [jeˈʃuaʕ], contracting the spelling to ישוע without the [o] letter. Later, Aramaic references to the Hebrew Bible adopted the contracted phonetic form of this Hebrew name as an Aramaic name.

Yeshu一次源自希伯来语，是“拯救”、“传达”之意，在犹太人第二圣殿时期一直保持着这种用法，耶书一词在亚拉姆语和希伯来语圣经中被广泛使用：希伯来圣经中多次同时使用Yeshu和Joshua。

鉴定耶书和耶稣的関系

已知最早的巴比伦塔木德（en:Babylonian_Talmud公元五百年）现的耶书被认为指的就是基督教中的耶稣，该说法源自中世纪，现代学者对此有各种不同观点。部分当代学者认为这些段落指向基督教和基督徒描述的耶稣，另外一部分学者认为这些段落是后世拉比添加的内容，塔木德学者Johann Maier认为米书拿和两个塔木德版本均没有记录耶稣。塔木德中关于耶稣的生活时间的描述是矛盾的，Sotah 47a和Sanhedrin 107中表示耶稣生活在Alexander Jannaeus的统治时期 (公元前103～ 前76年)，但是Sanhedrin 43a中提到耶稣于公元200～500年之间被处死。

参考文献

Steven Bayme, Understanding Jewish History (KTAV), 1997

Daniel Boyarin, Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999

Robert Goldenberg, The Nations Know Ye Not: Ancient Jewish Attitudes towards Other Religions New York: New York University Press 1998

Mark Hirshman, A Rivalry of Genius: Jewish and Christian Biblical Interpretation in Late Antiquity trans. Baya Stein. Albany: SUNY PRess 1996

Joseph Klausner, Jesus of Nazareth (Beacon Books), 1964

Jacob Neusner, Judaism in the Matrix of Christianity Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1986

Jeffrey Rubenstein Rabbinic Stories (The Classics of Western Spirituality) New York: The Paulist Press, 2002

R. Travers Herford, Christianity in Talmud and Midrash (KTAV), 1975

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